Oxford study finds AI agents built on different models struggle to coordinate over unstated rulesMachine translation

New Oxford paper finds that frontier LLM agents fail to coordinate with unfamiliar partners because each one treats its own made-up rules (arbitrary convention) as the obvious choice.

Agents from different companies increasingly must work together with no agreed rules. Past studies used shared scaffolding or complex games that hide why coordination fails.

They tested text and code agents built on models like GPT-5.2 and Gemini 3 Pro in 9 small cooperative games. In Cat & Dog, a safe move guarantees 5 points, while a signal convention pays 10 only if both agents pick the same one.

Paired with other models, text agents scored well below that safe 5, each calling its own arbitrary convention natural. A short shared statement of coordination principles, called a Coordination-friendly definition, led agents to reliably take the safe 5.

If your agent must work with agents you did not build, tell it to avoid unstated conventions and prefer actions any partner reads correctly.